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-------------------
昨日の朝の the daily yomiuri 記事．
Weather extrmes linked to global warming
By Nina Chestney, Reuters.
Reuters LONDON- Extreme weather events over
the past decade have increased and were
"very likely" caused by manmade global
warming, according to a study in the
journal Nature Climate Change.
Scientists at Germany's Potsdam Institute for
Climate Research used physics, statistical analysis
and computer simulations to link extreme rainfall
and heat waves to global warming. The link between
warming and storms was less clear.
"It is very likely that several of the unprecedented
extremes of the past decade would not have occurred
without anthropogenic global warming," the
study said.
The past decade was probably the warmest globally
ally for at least a millennium. Last year was the
eleventh hottest on record, the World Meteorological
Organization said Friday.
Extreme weather events were devastating in
their impacts and affected nearly all regions of the
globe.
They included severe floods and record hot summers
in Europe; a record number of tropical storms
and hurricanes in the Atlantic in 2005; the hottest
Russian summer since 1500 in 2010 and the worst
flooding in Pakistan's history. Last year alone, the
United States suffered 14 weather events that
caused losses of more than $1 billion each.
The high amount of extremes is not normal, the
study said.
Even between March 13 and 19 this year, historical
heat records were exceeded in more than 1,000
places in North America.
For some types of extreme weather. there are
physical reasons why they would increase in a
warming climate. For example, if average temperature
rises, then so will the number of heat records
if all else remains equal, the study said.
Natural weather patterns like El Nino or La Nina
can also cause highs in global temperature or increased
precipitation which leads to floods.
"Single weather extremes are often related to regional
processes, like a blocking: high pressure system
or natural phenomena like El Nino," said Stefan
Rahmstor1', coauthor of the study and chair of the institute's
earth system analysis department. ''1'hese
arc complex processes that we are investigating further.
But now these processes unfold against the
background of climatic warming. That can turn an
. extreme event into a record-breaking event."
Recent years have seen an exceptionally large
number of record-breaking and destructive heatwaves
in many parts of the world and research suggests
that many or even most of these would not
have happened without global warming.
Currently, nearly twice as many record hot days
as record cold days are being observed both in the
United States and Australia, the length of summer
heatwaves in western Europe has almost doubled
and the frequency of hot days has almost tripled
over the period from 1880 to 2005.
Extremely hot summers are now observed in
about 10 percent of the global land area, compared
with only about 0.1 percent to 0.2 percent for the period
1951 to 1980, the study said.
The link between storms and hurricanes and
global warmings less conclusive hut at least some
of recent rainfall extremes can be attributed to
human influences on the climate, it added
the past decade have increased and were
"very likely" caused by manmade global
warming, according to a study in the
journal Nature Climate Change.
Scientists at Germany's Potsdam Institute for
Climate Research used physics, statistical analysis
and computer simulations to link extreme rainfall
and heat waves to global warming. The link between
warming and storms was less clear.
"It is very likely that several of the unprecedented
extremes of the past decade would not have occurred
without anthropogenic global warming," the
study said.
The past decade was probably the warmest globally
ally for at least a millennium. Last year was the
eleventh hottest on record, the World Meteorological
Organization said Friday.
Extreme weather events were devastating in
their impacts and affected nearly all regions of the
globe.
They included severe floods and record hot summers
in Europe; a record number of tropical storms
and hurricanes in the Atlantic in 2005; the hottest
Russian summer since 1500 in 2010 and the worst
flooding in Pakistan's history. Last year alone, the
United States suffered 14 weather events that
caused losses of more than $1 billion each.
The high amount of extremes is not normal, the
study said.
Even between March 13 and 19 this year, historical
heat records were exceeded in more than 1,000
places in North America.
For some types of extreme weather. there are
physical reasons why they would increase in a
warming climate. For example, if average temperature
rises, then so will the number of heat records
if all else remains equal, the study said.
Natural weather patterns like El Nino or La Nina
can also cause highs in global temperature or increased
precipitation which leads to floods.
"Single weather extremes are often related to regional
processes, like a blocking: high pressure system
or natural phenomena like El Nino," said Stefan
Rahmstor1', coauthor of the study and chair of the institute's
earth system analysis department. ''1'hese
arc complex processes that we are investigating further.
But now these processes unfold against the
background of climatic warming. That can turn an
. extreme event into a record-breaking event."
Recent years have seen an exceptionally large
number of record-breaking and destructive heatwaves
in many parts of the world and research suggests
that many or even most of these would not
have happened without global warming.
Currently, nearly twice as many record hot days
as record cold days are being observed both in the
United States and Australia, the length of summer
heatwaves in western Europe has almost doubled
and the frequency of hot days has almost tripled
over the period from 1880 to 2005.
Extremely hot summers are now observed in
about 10 percent of the global land area, compared
with only about 0.1 percent to 0.2 percent for the period
1951 to 1980, the study said.
The link between storms and hurricanes and
global warmings less conclusive hut at least some
of recent rainfall extremes can be attributed to
human influences on the climate, it added
自分の興味分野で読みやすかったが，
いろんな，あーなるほど文例が．
For example, if average temperature
rises, then so will the number of heat records
if all else remains equal, the study said.
will の主語を一瞬，見失う．
has doubled
trippled
動詞で使うんだ．
nearly twice as many record hot days
as record cold days are being observed both in the
United States and Australia
as は接続詞．
まぁ，本来の使い方なんだろうが．It is very likely that several of the unprecedented
extremes of the past decade would not have occurred
without anthropogenic global warming
would have + pp. の使い回し，なかなか会話で，すっと出てこない．
-------------------
今朝も境界条件についてまとめる．
もっと，もっと，重箱の隅まで，頭に整理せなアカンなぁ．
勉強すればするほど，
世の中の工学の 1/100 も理解してないと実感．
-------------------
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